Analysis of Dreams by Langston Hughes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Examination of Dreams by Langston Hughes - Essay Example Examination of â€Å"Dreams† by Langston Hughes On closer examination, the sonnet uncovers profundities of significance which make it rich and especially speaking to the peruser. Langston Hughes skilfully utilizes structure, subject, clear symbolism and scholarly gadgets to upgrade the impact of â€Å"Dreams.† The structure of the sonnet uplifts the poem’s bid. It comprises of only two or three complete sentences which are masterminded in two short refrains. Every verse is as four lines which are brief and forthright. This empowers the peruser to concentrate on the topic with no interruption. The attention remains totally on the significance of clutching dreams. The artist utilizes basic jargon and the significance of the sonnet is anything but difficult to get a handle on. There are no uncertain words which puzzle the peruser. This makes the tone of the sonnet exceptionally conversational. The regular language produces a personal tone and makes the peruser especially open to the poet’s voice. The peruser feel s that the writer is tending to him straightforwardly and quickly sympathizes with the artist. The peruser builds up a feeling of comradeship with the artist. The rhyming plan is another part of the poem’s structure which holds the reader’s consideration. The second and fourth lines of the two verses rhyme: â€Å"die† and â€Å"fly;† â€Å"go† and â€Å"snow.† The rhyme adds to the magnificence of the poem’s sound and gives it a melodious quality. The first and fourth lines are unrhymed and make a compelling complexity which uplifts the rhyme of different lines. The nonappearance of accentuation is another attribute of the structure which uplifts the impact of the sonnet. This makes the structure obvious and convincing. Each line streams into the following and adds to the simple perusing of the sonnet. The poem’s structure exhibits solid reiteration. There is redundancy in structure and reiteration in words. The two verses foll ow a similar example. The structure of the principal refrain is rehashed in the subsequent verse: the two refrains start with the poet’s encouraging to clutch dreams and both proceed to give the subtleties of what might occur if this isn't finished. By rehashing the words â€Å"Hold quick to dreams,† (Hughes, 1) in the subsequent refrain, the artist underscores the significance of not relinquishing one’s dreams and gives his admonition a quality of desperation. Once more, the two refrains show a redundancy of structure in the lines â€Å"Life is a messed up winged bird† (3) and â€Å"Life is an infertile field† (7). Here, the reiteration is utilized for accentuation and the unfavorable results of losing one’s dreams is obviously expressed. The subject of the sonnet is something which each peruser can relate to. Dreams are a piece of each individual’s life. By far most of mankind begins with numerous objectives and goals. As life goes on, obstructions and distresses are met and a significant number of these fantasies stay unimportant dream or kick the bucket. They can't be converted into the real world. There before long comes when misery wraps the spirit. There is an inclination to abandon dreams and acknowledge that they are inaccessible. The artist addresses the numerous perusers whose fantasies are yet to be figured it out. By encouraging them to â€Å"Hold quick to dreams,† the artist infers that fantasies can without much of a stretch sneak away except if they are firmly clutched. It is consoling to realize that everybody thinks that its hard to keep a grasp on their fantasies. The striking symbolism of the sonnet catches the creative mind of the peruser. The sonnet makes the peruser really picture the awful results of relinquishing

An Introduction to Car-sharing & Zipcar Essay

In 2000, in lieu of congestion in the US vehicle rental market, Zipcar executed a blue sea procedure and built up its vehicle sharing business as the prevailing option in contrast to vehicle possession. Contrasted with vehicle rentals firms that charge clients on an every day premise, Zipcar offers clients the adaptability of choosing the quantity of hours and separation of vehicle utilization. Furthermore, not at all like vehicle rental firms which expect clients to get the vehicles from their workplaces, Zipcar permits individuals to get a vehicle from their closest parking garages situated at key focuses all through metropolitan regions. The additional accommodation over the customary vehicle rental plan of action, combined with Zipcar’s first mover’s advantage in the US advertise, drove Zipcar to be the biggest vehicle sharing organization on the planet, with a sum of 570,000 individuals and 8,000 vehicles. Zipcar’s Service Proposition †4 Simple Steps to Driving a Zipcar Firstly, new clients are required to apply for a Zipcar participation which costs about USD60 yearly. Furthermore, clients continue to save a particular vehicle model at their favored closest area, by means of telephone, on the web or the Zipcar versatile application. Thirdly, clients continue to their held vehicles and open their vehicles by having a RFID scanner situated on the car’s windscreen filter their relegated Zipcards. In conclusion, clients return their vehicles to assigned parking areas and will be in this way charged on an every hour premise, without paying for fuel or protection costs. Zipcar’s Four Market Segments The greater part of Zipcar’s tasks is situated inside the US, in spite of the fact that it operates in specific urban communities of Canada and the UK. Its incomes originate from the accompanying four market sections. Individual Membership| Servicing people who lean toward vehicle sharing to urban vehicle proprietorship because of critical expense savings| Universities| Working with colleges to address the absence of parking garages by giving vehicle sharing to staff and understudies and lessening the quantity of vehicles on campus| Businesses and Government| Working with organizations and neighborhood governments to meet natural objectives by giving representatives access to Zipcars and empowering vehicle pooling| FastFleet System| Selling its restrictive and trademarked vehicle sharing administration frameworks to associations keen on executing an interior vehicle sharing program| Opportunity for Zipcar to Enter the Growing European Car-Sharing Market In 2006, the European U nion (EU) reported designs to radically diminish ozone depleting substance discharges and the carbon impression across European countries. Under the new EU vitality arrangement, European countries are required to report their yearly carbon dioxide (CO2) discharges. Thusly, given their capacity to decrease the vehicles out and about and therefore the ozone depleting substance emanations and carbon impressions, vehicle sharing administrations prospered in Europe. As indicated by Frost and Sullivan, the income from vehicle partaking in Europe is probably going to hit $2.6 billion EURO ($3.4 billion USD) by the 2016. This figure even surpasses the anticipated US vehicle sharing income in 2016 of $3.3 billion USD. Given that the European vehicle sharing business sector is probably going to be more worthwhile than the US one, Zipcar ought not pass up the chance to extend its tasks to Europe. Our Recommended Goal for Zipcar and Reasons for Recommending It Despite coming up short on a first-mover’s advantage, we suggest that Zipcar sets its sight on infiltrating the European vehicle sharing business sector, explicitly Germany and Switzerland, and holding onto advertise authority over the long haul. Our gathering proposes the utilization of inventive coordinated effort procedures as a workaround to Zipcar’s absence of first-mover’s advantage when entering the previously mentioned markets. These procedures will be additionally explained upon in Component #2. Our suggestion of holding onto advertise administration in Switzerland and Germany depends on the accompanying reasons. Right off the bat, Zipcar’s securing of UK vehicle sharing business sector pioneer (Streetcar) notwithstanding its minority stake in a Spanish vehicle sharing beginning up (Avancar) gives a strong geological stage to development across Europe. By tapping on the information base in regards to the European vehicle sharing scene Streetcar and Avancar developed throughout the years, Zipcar could more readily comprehend the distinctions in buyer inclinations between European vehicle sharing clients and their US partners with no acquiring any statistical surveying costs. Zipcar could then change their vehicle sharing contribution and accomplish more elevated levels of market-fit. Also, Germany and Switzerland make up 35% and 19% of the European vehicle sharing business sector respectivelyv. Aside from the UK, which Zipcar is a market head in because of its ongoing obtaining of Streetcar, the staying European countries just make up single-digit pieces of the overall industry among the European vehicle sharing business sector. Since Germany and Switzerland make up practically 50% of the European vehicle sharing business sector, entering these two markets rather than other geographic markets should give them the best Return on Investment (ROI). Thirdly, by focusing on high-development vehicle sharing markets like that of Switzerland and Germany, Zipcar can procure generous economies of scale and degree, which will prompt a lower cost structure, as it builds the size of its vehicle armada to fulfill the expanding need for vehicle partaking in these countries. For instance, Zipcar could arrange mass protection bargains at less expensive rates with insurance agencies. Seeing as how Zipcar’s ongoing net revenues have been disintegrated by expanding working costs like taking off costs of petroleum, it is significant that Zipcar investigate cost reserve funds through economies of scale and degree to guarantee long haul maintainability of benefits. Upper hands that Helps Zipcar Fulfill Long Term Goal Firstly, as a vehicle sharing firm that claims the biggest vehicle armada on the planet, Zipcar has built up various licensed advances and puts vigorously in innovative work to reveal new developments that may fortify its mechanical administration. For example, its protected â€Å"Z3D Knowledge Center† innovation is equipped for synchronizing and showing constant data like reservation cost, vehicle area maps on different buyer contact focuses like the online site, Zipcar portable application and phone reservation framework. Looking forward, Zipcar is wanting to utilize its restrictive remote information system to be the main vehicle sharing supplier to execute in-vehicle Bluetooth and even Internet Wi-Fi administrations. Also, throughout the years, Zipcar has been building a lot of brand value. Today, Zipcar is a brand that is interchangeable with vehicle sharing and natural protection. Its amazing image and dependable brand name is underscored by the various honors it has prevailed upon the years. For instance, Advertising Age Magazine named Zipcar in its 2009 rundown of â€Å"Top 30 World’s Hottest Brands†. Given its incredible image, Zipcar will think that its simpler to pick up the trust of potential communitarian accomplices. Be that as it may, transferability of these upper hands across geological limits may be kept down by contrasts in buyer practices and serious scene. For example, Europe and the US have drastically various GPS systems and Zipcar may experience difficulties in actualizing its protected GPS-dependent â€Å"Z3D Knowledge Center† innovation in Europe. The degree to which Zipcar could use on its upper hands will eventually rely upon the viability of its sending techniques. Potential Pitfalls that Zipcar Should Look Out for When Pursuing its Goals While infiltrating the European market, Zipcar ought to be careful about the danger it may look in the US advertise from a developing type of vehicle sharing where online networks like Zimride permit people to frame vehicle pools with other people who live close to them. It is significant that Zipcar support against this undeniably mainstream type of vehicle sharing by not overcommitting its money related funding to the European market, and designating a fixed part of its yearly showcasing spending plan to the US advertise, so as to separate itself from Zimride as the unrivaled vehicle sharing contribution using innovative advertising activities and even deals advancements.. Difficulties Faced as a Second-Mover into the Germany and Switzerland Market We set up in Component 1 that Zipcar’s next sensible game-plan will be to vie for advertise authority in Switzerland and Germany. In any case, this will be a tough assignment, as Car2Go and Mobility, the individual market pioneers in Germany and Switzerland, have utilized on their first movers bit of leeway to raise critical hindrances to section. Right off the bat, as first movers, Car2Go and Mobility have built up themselves as innovative pioneers and have formed client assumptions about vehicle sharing mechanical highlights. For example, Car2Go has introduced patent-pending electronic dashboards in their vehicles, which permits clients to get directional assistance through GPS innovation, just as monitor separation voyaged and its resultant expenses. Zipcar then again, is amidst executing such advances and may appear to be a mediocre decision to certain gathering of clients. Also, Car2Go and Mobility have pre-emptively made sure about rare resources crucial for achievement of a vehicle sharing business. Being first on the scene, they have made sure about vital and constrained parking garages around the urban areas as their assigned vehicle sharing parking garages. Confronting the above second mover’s impediments, it will be challenge for Zipcar to enter the new markets in the traditional way. In that capacity, our group suggests utilizing imaginative joint efforts methodologies, custom-made explicitly for Germany and Switzerland independently. Passage into Germany as a Second-Mover by means of Collaboration with a Railway Operator * Reasons Why Zipcar Should Collaborate with Deutsche Bahn AG By teaming up with Deutsche Bahn AG (DBA

High School Conformism Essay

All through larger part of my secondary school life, I generally addressed why things worked the manner in which they did. Being compelled to go to a spot, or my folks might go to prison. To be straightforward it kind of felt like an inculcation. Going there I saw everything was controlled and diverse social gatherings where made dependent on various people groups characters. The incongruity, all things considered, is that since early on school appeared to indorse distinction, yet misleading arrangements, for example, school regalia despite everything occurred later in the years. I addressed why there was so much conformity;why was everybody so stressed over fitting in? While I can’t be the voice for each ones’ thinking behind companion pressure. I can give my own purpose behind incidentally sentiments of friend pressure. The initial 2 years of secondary school felt especially like a battle for my distinction. I’d discover various approaches to cause myself to feel as though I was extraordinary; for example making changes to my uniform. I likewise would follow subculture Stereotypes, despite the fact that at the time I didn’t acknowledge it was basic was pressure: The strain to pull away from what I thought about social void. This was a stage fortunately, and fortunately I gradually I started to acknowledge; I was basically doing what different understudies where doing, however unusually for the inverse reasoning(to escape from conventionalism). I’d state its an incredible learning experience, and basically. The most ideal approach to take a stab at singularity isn't taking a stab at independence. At the point when you compel yourself to appear as something else, climate it be following a subculture (past your very own convictions), disliking a belief system without doing your own exploration. You’ll certainly fall into the numbness of conventionalism. Subsequent to arriving at these resolutions, I chose to turn out to be progressively social; encountering new things so I could have a sentiment, as opposed to deteriorate in numbness. I’ve took in a great deal with respect to life, however in particular I took in a ton about myself. I can at long last say that I am a person. I accept secondary school has certainly had an effect on me, in spite of the fact that I’m sure it wasn’t there expectation to give me such illumination.

Feminization of Poverty - Free Essay Example

In the past decade, the percentage of women who have joined the workforce in the United States has greatly increased, almost doubling from the 1960s to the 2010s (Shin: Oct 9, 2018). Even though there is a spike in women working, why is it that women represent the highest proportion of the population in poverty? This phenomenon is referred to as the feminization of poverty. Feminization of poverty is the reality that of all people who are below the poverty line, almost 60 percent are women, and of all families, 50 percent consist of single mothers with no husbands (Shin Oct 11, 2018). A combination of the available jobs to women, gender discrimination, lack of childcare and lack of government support all contribute to the cycle that continues to keep women in poverty. Since women began entering the workforce, they were confined to jobs that are commonly known as pink collar jobs (Shin Oct 9, 2018). These jobs are mainly administrative and service-oriented work, such as secretaries, preschool teachers, nurses or child care providers. Women are not entering these types of jobs due to lack of education- women today are entering and graduating college at a higher rate than men- but due to a systemic and societal push towards positions that have classically been occupied by women. These positions often make women seem below, or inferior to men, and offer little opportunity to move up or be promoted even if the woman were to ask. Commonly, service oriented and administrative work pays a significant amount less, which shows in the difference in median income for men and women. In 2011, the median income for women was 77 percent less than the median income for men (Shin Oct 9, 2018). In the workforce, women experience a great deal of gender discrimination that keeps them from obtaining a higher-level position with a higher pay grade. Forms of workplace discrimination such as aggression from male coworkers and being ignored during decision-making cause women to avoid entering higher paying, typically male dominated professions, as they feel less valued by those they work with (Williams 1992:344). Not only do women experience discrimination in fields that are classically male, but in those that are typically female as well. As men began entering professions that had been dominated by women, they experienced a glass escalator, being shot upward rapidly to upper level management positions even if they had less experience than their female coworkers (Williams 1992: 342). Many men even reported that when being hired, the thing that gave them a leg up was being a man in a female dominated domain. This creates a cycle of women being confined by the glass ceiling, a barri er between women being promoted to higher level positions created by the sexist discriminatory attitudes of men who were fast tracked into high level, high paying positions (Williams 1992: 342). Women have been ridiculed throughout history for the choice to not have children, as men have solely seen women as home-makers and child-care providers. Women are often not considered when hiring into upper level positions with high workloads, due to the fact that men believe they will not be able to handle their responsibilities at work and their responsibilities as mothers. Most of these women are highly educated with a large enough income and support system to land on their feet if their family dynamics changed, possibly due to divorce or death, but many women of lower socioeconomic status do not have these luxuries. In the 1950s, one in twenty children were born to single mother households, and now that statistic has gone up to one in three (Edin, Kefalas 2005:8). Single mothers now face what is called a triple whammy (Albelda, Tilly 1996:605). They are working low paying jobs that barely earn enough to keep food on the table, taking on other under the table work while attempting to take care of their children without the assistance of a co-parent or another adult. Even under such difficult circumstances, the workforce is very unforgiving to this kind of situation and women find it hard to maintain jobs, seeking out welfare to make ends meet instead. With the current welfare system, even if a woman is extremely conscientious and limits her spending to make ends meet for her family, in a study by Edin and Lein, cash welfare, food stamps, and SSI only cover three-fifths of welfare-reliant mothers expenses (Edin, Lein 1997:324). If a woman receives child support, her food stamps from welfare could be cut significantly. If she begins a part time, low paying job that doesnt pay nearly enough to support her family, her welfare can be reduced to the point where she is just as poor as before receiving welfare. With how the welfare system is set up, the cycle of poverty is able to thrive. Women become trapped in a cycle where they do not have enough support, or money, to provide adequate childcare to be able to search for and maintain a decent paying job that allows them to provide what is necessary for their families. In order to improve the feminization of poverty within this country, many measures need to be instituted to ensure that women get a fair chance. Laws that prohibit the current wage gap and force employers to pay men and women the same wages for the same work need to be put in place. Further programming and tax dollars need to be put towards supporting single, low income mothers by creating free or extremely low-priced childcare facilities where mothers can feel safe leaving their children while they get a degree or find a job that will allow them to support their families in the long run. Educational programs beginning in primary education that teach young boys and girls about changing stereotypical gender roles, encouraging young girls that they can do and be what they want, while breaking down the cycle of sexism created by men by teaching young boys that girls are their equals. Rather than ridiculing and kicking down women trying to get back up on their feet, programs need to be s et in place that help them to regain their strength so they can continue to provide for their families and contribute to the national economy.

Converting Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters

Cubic inches (in3) and cubic centimeters (cc or cm3) are common units of volume. Cubic inches is a unit used primarily in the United States, while cubic centimeters is a metric unit. This example problem demonstrates how to convert cubic inches to cubic centimeters. Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters Problem Many small car engines have an engine displacement of 151 cubic inches. What is this volume in cubic centimeters? Solution Start with the conversion unit between inches and centimeters. 1 inch 2.54 centimeters That is a linear measurement, but you need a cubic measurement for volume. You cannot simply multiply this number times three. Instead, form a cube in three dimensions. You may remember the formula for volume is length x width x height. In this case, length, width, and height are all the same. First, convert to cubic measurements: (1 inch)3 (2.54 cm)31 in3 16.387 cm3 Now you have the conversion factor between cubic inches and cubic centimeters, so youre ready to complete the problem. Set up the conversion so the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, you want cubic centimeters to be the remaining unit: volume in cm3 (volume in in3) x (16.387 cm3/1 in3)volume in cm3 (151 x 16.387) cm​3volume in cm3 2474.44 cm3 Answer A 151-cubic-inch engine displaces 2474.44 cubic centimeters of space. Cubic Centimeters to Cubic Inches You can reverse the direction of the volume conversion easily enough. The only trick is to make sure the correct units cancel out. Suppose you want to convert a 10 cm3 cube into cubic inches. Use the volume conversion from earlier, where 1 cubic inch 16.387 cubic centimeters: volume in cubic inches 10 cubic centimeters x (1 cubic inch / 16.387 cubic centimeters)volume in cubic inches 10 / 16.387 cubic inchesvolume 0.610 cubic inch The other conversion factor you could have used is: 1 cubic centimeter 0.061 cubic inch It does not matter which conversion factor you choose. The answer will come out the same. If youre unsure whether youre doing the problem correctly, work it both ways to check yourself. Check Your Work Always check your work to ensure the resulting answer makes sense. A centimeter is a smaller length than an inch, so there are many cubic centimeters in a cubic inch. A rough approximation would be to say there are about 15 times more cubic centimeters than cubic inches. A value in cubic inches should be much smaller than its equivalent value in cubic centimeters (or, a number in cubic centimeters should be over 15 times larger than the number given in cubic inches). The most common mistake people make doing this conversion is not cubing the value being converted. Dont multiply it by three or add three zeros to it (three factors of 10). Cubing a number is multiplying it by itself three times. The other potential error is in reporting the value. In scientific calculations, its important to watch the number of significant digits in an answer.

Essay about The Fast Food Health Scam - 1564 Words

For decades the Fast-food industry has supplied Americans with tasty, comforting food, quickly and at a low cost. It was not until recently, when the health craze first hit America in the late 1980’s that the corporations developed a new approach to marketing health food products to fit their customer’s wants (Nielsen). The most common fast food chains, such as McDonalds and Subway, started advertising â€Å"healthier† food items on their menus to continue appealing to the general public. While fast food restaurants give the impression of offering healthy food, nutritionist studies show healthy alternatives are not as nutritious as advertised and can lead to possible calorie underestimation and overconsumption (Chandon 85). In order to†¦show more content†¦Not only has the fast-food industry the taken health craze wants of the public and implemented them into their market approach, the companies appeal to psychological emotions by creating commercia ls relatable to all ages, like young children, teens, adults, grandmas and grandpas, and show them psychically enjoying the healthy alternatives. Advertisers create commercials to connect the viewer to the product, through psychological appeals and further persuade them into believing the health food scam of the fast-food chains (Bovee 360). Subway has mastered the art of appealing to consumer emotions when regarding health. Their commercial â€Å"Friend of Jared†, proves Subway promotes the healthy food image but deceives the public with its actual product. The commercial is set in a baseball field on a nice day. The actors are participating in an amateur game and appear happy and full of energy. They quickly introduce the characters by flashing their name and amount of weight lost in the middle of the screen. While this is taking place the background jiggle sings, â€Å"join the Subway family now†¦ it’s not too late the only thing that’s missing is you!† (YouTube Video). Once the jiggle concludes it flashes to pictures of Subways product, showing a rather large sandwich. They advertise the Su bway sandwich having only 6 grams of fat, however, in tiny print atShow MoreRelatedObesity Is The Highest Percentage Of Obesity Among All Countries1373 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has the highest percentage of obesity among all countries. This is not very surprising given that fast food restaurants can be found on nearly every block. These unhealthy foods are far less expensive and more convenient for many people. Though less people are paying less money for their food, the outcome is not worth it. 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Animal Behavior Essay Example For Students

Animal Behavior Essay Biology lbAbstractAnimal behavior is predictable. Their behavioral tendencies are influenced by the relationship of its anatomy to their environment. By observing various forms of life, and associating the mechanism of their abilities to perform a behavioral action, evolutionary influence thereafter, can be analyzed and deduced from that point. IntroductionThe science and study of animal behavior involve an enormous array of complicated factors. For instance, stereotyped responses are unlearned behavioral reactions to some environmental stimulus predicated upon an organism relationship to its physical environment and anatomy. This obviously begs the question; is the observable behavior such as, the vertical movements demonstrated by brine shrimp (marine plankton experiment) or peristaltic movements showed by earthworms (animal behavioral lab experiment) a form of deliberate taxis or random kinesis? However, to properly be able to address those questions, its far more important to examine the intricate factors involving the complex interactions between the effects of environmental stimuli,(dry air for the earthworm and directional light for the brine shrimp) towards the affected anatomical structure and physiological function of a specific organ system of those particular animal species. Therefore, I hypothesize, that an !ea rthworm will exert random kinetic behavior through peristaltic movement in an arid clinical environment because, its sensory apparatus (respiratory system) will detect a potential life/death situation precipitated by the threat of desiccation; whereas, the brine shrimp will demonstrate deliberate vertical movements of behavioral taxis because, the environmental stimuliof light will be effecting an entirely different sensory apparatus (ocular nervous ) ofwhich, doesnt afford thepotential possibility of impending doom. By that, affording the luxury of stereotypical behavior that can be later linked to environmental fitness. In short, an animals behavior about a particular type of movement ispredicated upon the environmental clues, which directly influence the innate survival mechanisms of a species or itsanatomical configuration with evolutionary fitness. However, inasmuch as some forms of animal behavior can be easily be analyzed by a simple stimulus and response scenario, such as with earthworms and brine shrimp. Others such as the rheotactic behavior of trout (aquarium field trip) and penguin mating habits (zoo field trip) are far more complicated. These particular types of animal behavior involve a wider spectrum of coordinated organ systems. For instance, trouts are migratory fish and posses the additional physical characteristics of using chemorecptors (smell) too located their initial spawning grounds. Because of this evolutionary/genetic characteristic, they must swim against currents to be able to maximize their olfactory senses. Although the sense of smell is apart of the nervous system, the mechanism that coordinates rheotactic behavior is an entirely different nervous component. Trout like other fish use their mechanoreceptors located in their lateral line system to detect the movement and direction of water.!Which solicit s the question, if trouts are rheotactic, then why do they need to intermediately break from the current and swim in a particular pattern? Therefore I hypothesize, which a trouts general rheotactic behavior is predicating upon the coordinated environmental stimulus of an aqueous solute concentration, ofwhich will confirm olfactory distance, and the lateral line thereafter functions to facilitate in the correct direction. Consequentially, rheotactic behavior controlled by the lateral line is dependent upon the chemoreptors of the olfactory senses of a trout. Thus, a trouts intermittent behavior during rheotactic movement is more or less a pause for the benefit of olfactory orientation. Penguins unlike trout, brine shrimp and earthworms are flightless birds. Because of their physical size, they inherently have a larger cerebral capacity. This anatomical characteristic complicates the qualitative analysis of penguin mating behavior tremendously. Largely because, penguins have the physi cal capacity of conscious thought, interactive communication immersed in a sheath of innate unlearned behavior. However, penguins are similar to trout in that, they to are migratory creatures. Thus, penguins like trout integrate a number of different physiological systems for mating behavior. One of which involves the coordinated interaction between their endocrine system and nervous system. Therefore I hypothesize, that male penguins during the mating season are territorially aggressive due to the imbalance of testosterone within their system, and female penguins are passive and somewhat behaviorally more submissive due to the higher amounts of estrogen within their sys!tems. Furthermore, because the endocrine system is such an incredible catalyst for a volatile explosion of metabolic energy, I anticipate that male penguin behavior during mating season will only be overtly exhibited for the purposes of reproductive behavior and territorial defense. To conclude, animals regardless of species are physiologically dependent upon their specific anatomical construction. Certain simple behavioral responses are involuntary due to survival necessity, while others can be influence by environmental stimuli. But no matter, what the stimulus might have been that initiated a particular animals behavior, the overall motor behavioral reaction will be dictated by the specific animals evolutionary genetic configuration. This is the premise for ultimate cause and evolutionary fitness. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate proximate causes (physical mechanisms) that invoke observable and physical behavior in animals, which can be reproduced under isolated clinical condictions. MethodsOn March 5, during the afternoon between 1:00 p.m. thru 2:00 p.m., plankton samples where drawn from the Oakland Estuary. Samples were procured from a dark area and a well-lighted area at the surface level, 2 feet and at 4 feet depth levels with a sweeping motion from left to right. With the use of a lowering line and thermometer equilibrated by keeping it in water for over one minute, temperatures were drawn at the various levels and at the different areas. Also a secci disc ofwhich was attached to a lowering line was used to calculate the various light levels of penetration at both lighted and dark areas. By lowering the secci disc until it was no longer visible, then raising it until it was again visible was the method used to calculate the light penetration. This was done twice. Furthermore, salinity was measured with a refractometer. In addition, brine shrimp was observed at both the San Francisco Exploratorium and Steinhart Aquarium. At the San Francisco Explor!atorium, a light switch changed the direction of the light from superior to inferior lighting. Which displayed the behavioral patterns of brine shrimp. On March 10, a series of animal lab observations was conducted by students to observe the various behavioral patterns of different life organisms. On this particular date, four pairs of animals were tested for their olfactory reactions to acetic acid and vanilla, tactile response to sandpaper, glass and loose soil inside a rectangular pan, light generated by a lighter, and in a dark environment. The pairs of animals chosen for observation were two guinea pigs, two mud shrimps, two earthworms and two garden snails. In addition, a supplemental experiment was conducted later to observe the kinetic behavior of an earthworm by using a rectangular pan with dry sand and damp loose soil at polar extremes overheaded by an intensive heat lamp to generate a thermal atmosphere. On March 3l, a field trip was taken to San Franciscos Steinharts Aquarium. The purpose of the field trip was to make timed and observational recordings of four various animals. Three to be recorded for only 15 minutes, and one at one hour. Ten types of behavioral categories were used to document behavior. They were ingestive, shelter seeking, agonistic, sexual, care giving, care soliciting, eliminative, investigative, allominetic, resting and other. The animals selected for observations were the moral eel, hooker shark, golden trout and Black footed penguins. The animal chosen for an hour observation was the Golden trout On April 4, another field trip was taken for the San Francisco Zoo. The conditions of observation were identical to the San Francisco Steinhart Aquarium field trip. However, the animals chosen for observation were the Magellanic penguins, grizzly bear, Bengal tigers, and Flamingos. Results (brine shrimp/marine plankton experiment)Inasmuch as my hypothesis was based u pon a particular type of plankton, the prejudice of my thought was because, I only associated plankton too crustacean like organisms, such as krill and brine shrimp. However, after the use of a microscope and various slides of different samples from both lighted and dark areas. As well as the three depth levels, numerous diatoms were observed. These are known as phytoplankton or the grass of the sea. The other types of animate plankton are known as zooplankton. The vertical variation of various plankton can be contributed to certain physical factors such as, light and temperature (recorded at Fahrenheit). Apparently, more organisms of various kinds of plankton were recorded in the lighted area. At surface level, the temperature was 52 degrees, four roifers (wheel animals), five barnacle nauplius and a mollusk larva were observed by seven slides. At 2 feet, eight diatoms, a barnacle larva and a polchacte worm was recorded. The t!emperature at the 2-foot level was at 51.9 degrees, and observations were based upon seven slides.At 4 feet, the temperature was at 52 degrees, three rotifers, 11 diatoms, a barnacle nauplius and other not named organisms were in this level. Five slides accumulated for the total amount of creatures at this depth.The light penetration for the lighted area was at 3 feet and 4 inches and the salinity was at 15%. My Memorable High School Years EssayDiscussion (animal behavior lab) From clinical observations, several noticeable behavior seemed reasonable clearly. For instance, when the guinea pigs tasted the acetic acid, I speculate this behavioral reaction is associated to the remote fact that guinea pigs eat roots and various forms of vegetation. Many of which, resemble a more sour taste than sweet, and since acetic acid may smell like vinegar, it characteristically is sour. Thus, is familiar to rodent type creatures. However, other animals such as the earthworm and snail were diametrically reactive to the acetic acid. I speculate that, this behavioral reaction is associated to the fact that acetic acid is an acid. Thus, it posses the characteristic to damage tissue. Therefore, because both the earthworm and snail have such delicate outer surfaces, they must physiologically repel from anything that can damage its exterior tissue. As far as behavioral tendencies toward tactile surfaces, wha t was interesting was that guinea pigs have claws, an!d the earthworms exterior surface is also its respiratory surface. Thus, I speculate that these animals didnt move because, their sensory receptors located at their tactile surfaces communicated to their brains the potential danger of the situation to their surface anatomy. Thus, the proximate cause of the behavior was not to move. However, the most dramatic behavioral observation was with the earthworm. When the earthworm was placed into an arid environment, it would move toward a direction that provided a damp and moist environment. Yet, the proximate cause of this behavior was because, the exterior skin of an earthworm is also its respiratory surface. This is a main component of its breathing apparatus, and although, the earthworm may be accustomed to a moist and damp environment like the underground surface of the earth, it doesnt cognitively prefer the dark protection and security of the soil from the open and exposed surfac e of the lab pan, but instead, its se!nsory receptors are sensing a reduction of cellular respiration due to desiccation, and the immediate motor response is to peristaltically move to a moist and damp environment to resusicate the respiratory surface to a proper medium for adequate breathing and continued survival. In addition, it was speculating that, an earthworm could feel moisture in the air. So to test the kinetic behavioral characteristics of the earthworm, the environmental conditions prohibited this feature by artificially heating up the experimental atmosphere with a heating lamp. Then by initially pointing its head toward the dry hot sand, and finally, by placing a glass barrier in front of the moist soil. From these experiments, I concluded that, an earthworm will move in a random kinetic fashion to find a suitable moist and damp environment for simplicity of survival. Discussion (San Francisco Aquarium field trip)The compounded rheotactic behavior tendency of the Golden trout camouflages to a large extent the paramount purposes of this observable trait. Since swimming against a current requires a substantial amount of greater energy than swimming with the current, there must be some innate purpose for this enormous expenditure of additional energy. Initially, the behavioral action of rheotactic swimming is an independent genetic characteristic. However, ultimate cause is predicated upon two major words. The first word begins innate, and second word is genetic. These two words contribute to the concept of evolutionary fitness. Hence, analytical reasoning had to be applied with this particular behavior. First, given the proposition that, the behavior of swimming against a current was not within itself an enclosed action, then it must be a precipitory action leading to an ultimate purpose. Second, upon close observation, it was noticed that, the trou ts operculum was engaged in !what appeared to be exaggerated ventilation. So I concluded that, the mechanical uptake of water was not exclusively for aquatic respiration, which the action within itself, provided the inflow of greater amounts of water. Now for the third and most speculative point, if the necessity for water uptake was not for the sole benefits of breathing or osmoregulation, then the sublime purpose must be for the benefit of the ingesting whatever must be in the water. By that combining these three points, and through the knowledge that, trouts use their chemoreceptors for the migratory purpose of reproduction, I deductively concluded that the behavioral purpose of swimming upstream against a current was a mechanism for directional navigation using the lateral line system, and the purpose of intermittent pauses with exaggerated respiratory behavior was for the benefit of olfactory orientation. Therefore, the proximate cause of rheotactic behavior involves the coordi nated use of the la!teral line system, respiratory systems and nervous system of smell and cognitive memory. Discussion (San Francisco Zoo field trip)The mating behavior of penguins posses some really interesting socio-behavior facets. For instance, although no eggs were exposing too plain view, it was apparently clear, which penguins share in the responsibilities of incubating their eggs within the nest of their rookery. Another fascinating feature about penguin behavior was that the smaller penguins/young were totally void from anything that resembled the more mature penguin mating behavior. This facet of youth behavior signifies that, these young offspring dont mature into physically reproductive penguins unlike other birds into in a short period of time. In addition, since the behavior of playing is a form of learning, two things immediately standout: (1) That these young penguins lack the immediate ability to fully integrate into an adult penguin society, because the behavior of playing is a characteristic of slower maturing animals. (2) Given that penguins have the ability to use voca l noises to communicate, i!t also means, that they are a more developed species of social animal. As such, requires a greater amount of time to physically and socially mature into the complex matrix of mature penguin life. However, these physiological characteristics signifies that, evolutionary fitness has forced them to physically mature at a slower rate. These physiological phenomena associated to a slower anatomical development are why, I speculate that penguins go through a far more systematically complex development process to prepare for mating than other animals. Therefore, this partially accounts for the ability too fast during mating season, gains a credible amount of body weight, learns how use their ability to communicate and mature as far as, they innately perform behaviorally observable tendencies such as agonistical and territorial behavior. Conclusion For the most part, animal behavior is not a randomly exercised action. Creatures despite size, order in the food chain, anatomical complexity or cognitive capacity all are dependent upon the relationship of their physical structure and how it integrates with their environment. Phytoplankton is mutually dependent upon the environmental conditions of sunlight, and zooplankton are bio-taxis responsively too light based upon the level of their maturity. An earthworms kinetic behavior under environmentally hostile conditions is predictable, because of its physiological survival mechanism.